Michael E. Roberts - Psychology

Michael E. Roberts

Associate Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience

Why Psychology?

I have always been fascinated by how and why we think what we think. As an undergrad, I could never decide if psychology, neurobiology, or artificial intelligence (in computer science) was my favorite topic, so I studied all of those fields and eventually found that cognitive psychology touched on all of my interests. Cognitive psychology includes the study of attention, memory, reasoning, and decision-making, and lately, I’ve become particularly interested in whether – and to what extent – we can improve these abilities with training. For instance, can video games improve our attention abilities? Can simple tasks increase our intelligence? How can we learn to protect ourselves from well-known biases when we’re making both everyday decisions and once-in-a-lifetime decisions?

My Research Interests

The majority of my research focuses on individuals. For instance, I’m increasingly interested in training different aspects of cognition, including emotional regulation and working memory capacity. I also conduct a variety of experiments that examine how minor, often unconscious, changes to stimuli influence our subsequent behavior.

Some of my research also extends beyond individuals – many of my publications involve “collective behavior” experiments that test how each individual in a group adjusts his or her behaviors based on the group’s overall performance.

In the last four years, I have mentored more than 25 DePauw students on these research projects, and I try to give each student hands-on experience with all aspects of experiment design, implementation, analysis, and reporting.

i. Can imperceptible changes to an image affect how well we remember it?

This project uses eyetracking technology to precisely record where participants look when they see specific images, and then we make nearly imperceptible changes to the images before asking another group of participants to view the changed images. We want to see if we can influence where participants unconsciously look and thereby significantly improve memory for the images.

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ii. Emotional Regulation

This series of projects examines how our current levels of cognitive resources (e.g. alert or depleted) affect how we process emotions like anxiety.

I recently gave a talk on this research at the Midwestern Psychological Association in Chicago, and I’m working on a manuscript. I’m also conducting related studies with DePauw student researchers and with a colleague at the University of Cincinnati.

iii. Unconscious Priming

Cognitive priming occurs when a stimulus (e.g. a word, picture, etc.) facilitates a response. As a very simple example, imagine that I flash the letters “T I G E R” on a computer screen, and you have to identify whether those letters form a word. If you heard the word “lion” before I flashed “T I G E R” then you would be significantly faster to respond that those letter forms a word. Previous studies by other researchers have also shown that real world behaviors, such as walking speed and performance on trivia tests, can be influenced by subtle primes, and I’m generally interested in whether more primes lead to a bigger effect (and if they do, is there a certain number of primes that lead to a plateau, i.e. the effect doesn’t get any bigger?). Most of my research on these topics have involved word processing because it is relatively straightforward to experimentally test these effects in a laboratory, but I have conducted some food priming studies with students, and I am also interested in more general behavioral effects.

Please see the following posters for examples of our recent work on this issue (these were presented at several different national psychology conferences):

iv. Collective Behavior

I also run experiments to test how each individual in a group adjusts his or her behaviors based on the group’s overall performance. I use Netlogo and Java software to let participants interact on competitive and coordination tasks in a virtual world, and the software gives me fine-grained data on how the moment-to-moment actions of each person influences others and the group as a whole. This work has connections to social psychology, game theory, and even animal behavior literature.

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Publications

Roberts, M.E., Goldstone, R.L. (2011). Adaptive Group Coordination and Role Differentiation. PLoS ONE, 6(7). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022377
Roberts, M.E., Bonebright, T., & Wischmeier, D. (2011). The Number, Type, and Configuration of Landmarks Distort Distance Estimates. Proceedings of the* Thirty-third Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Boston, MA: Cognitive Science Society. (pp. 1121-1126).
Roberts, M. E., & Goldstone, R. L. (2009). Adaptive group coordination, Proceedings of the Thirty-First Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Cognitive Science Society. (pp. 2698-2704).
Roberts, M. E., & Goldstone, R. L. (2009). Sub-optimalities in group foraging and resource competition. , Proceedings of the Thirty-First Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Cognitive Science Society. (pp. 2371-2377).	Read
Goldstone, R.L., Roberts, M.E., & Gureckis, T.M. (2008). Emergent Processes in Group Behavior, Current Directions in Psychological Science 17, 10-15.	Read
Goldstone, R. L., Roberts, M. E., Mason, W., & Gureckis, T. (2008). Collective search in concrete and abstract spaces. In T. Kugler, C. Smith, & T. Connelly (Eds.) Decision modeling and behavior in uncertain and complex environments. Springer Press. (pp. 277-308).
Goldstone, R. L., Gerganov, A., Landy, D., & Roberts, M. E. (2008). Learning to see and conceive. In L. Tommasi, M. Peterson, & L. Nadel (Eds.) The New Cognitive Sciences (part of the Vienna Series in Theoretical Biology). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. (pp. 163-188).
Roberts, M.E., & Goldstone, R.L. (2006). EPICURE: Spatial and knowledge limitations in group foraging, Adaptive Behavior, 14, 291-313.
Goldstone, R. L., & Roberts, M. E. (2006). Self-organized trail systems in groups of humans. Complexity, 11, 43-50.
Goldstone, R. L., Jones, A., & Roberts, M. (2006). Group path formation. IEEE Transactions on System, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A, 36, 611-620.
Roberts, M.E., & Goldstone, R.L. (2006). EPICURE: An agent-based foraging model. Artificial Life X: Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on the Simulation and Synthesis of Living Systems. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press (379-385).
Roberts, M. E., & Goldstone, R. L. (2005). Explaining resource undermatching with agent-based models. Proceedings of the Twenty-seventh Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. (pp. 1872-1877).
Goldstone, R. L., Ashpole, B. C., & Roberts, M. E., (2005). Knowledge of resources and competitors in human foraging. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 12, 81-87.